If you are a novice user, we recommend that you first go through the Getting Started tutorial to get familiar with the tool:

About

Headless web browsers run without any GUI representation. This can be very handy for automated web testing because headless web browsers are faster, and their performance is higher than that of regular GUI browsers. Initially, web tests you create with TestComplete simulate actual user actions over a browser GUI and a web page opened in the browser. Therefore, running web tests in headless web browsers is not supported. However, you can run your TestComplete web tests in headless web browsers by using WebDriver.

You create a web test on a Windows computer in any of the browsers that TestComplete supports:

Web browsers you can use for recording web tests
Web browsers you can use for recording web testsWeb browsers you can use for recording web tests
- Microsoft Edge 83 - 121 (Chromium-based)
  
  Note: TestComplete does not support the non-Chromium version of Edge.
- Microsoft Internet Explorer 11 (both 32- and 64-bit versions)
  
  Note: The Modern UI (Metro) version of Internet Explorer 11 is currently not supported.
- Google Chrome 121 (both 32- and 64-bit versions)
  
  If you have a TestComplete version earlier than 12.42, your version of the SmartBear Test Extension will be incompatible with newer versions of the Chrome web browser. To test web applications in Chrome 121, you will have to upgrade your TestComplete to some later version. We recommend using version 15.63.
  
  If you use a later version of Google Chrome, check whether a patch is available for it.
  
  Chrome running in Modern UI (Metro) mode is currently not supported.
- Mozilla Firefox 91 - 115.4.0 ESR, 94 - 116 (both 32- and 64-bit versions)
  
  Note: Beta versions of Mozilla Firefox may not work with TestComplete. They are not supported and we recommend using a stable release.
  
  If you use a later version of Firefox, check whether a patch is available for it.
It does not matter which browser you choose. Your test will be compatible with headless browsers.
You modify the created test to connect to WebDriver controlling your web browser.
You run the test and get the test results in TestComplete.

Supported versions of headless browsers

You can run tests in any headless web browser that is WebDriver-compatible.

The appropriate version of the driver must be installed on the computer where the browser is running.

If you have the Intelligent Quality add-on for TestComplete and the Headless Web Browser support plugin is enabled, you can run tests in the following headless browsers out-of-the-box:

Microsoft Edge 83 - 121 (Chromium-based, 64-bit version)
Google Chrome 121 (64-bit version)
Mozilla Firefox 91 - 115.4.0 ESR, 94 - 116 (64-bit version)

Requirements

To create tests

A Windows computer with TestComplete 14.40 or later installed. On this computer, you will create tests, control the test run, and get the test results. To learn about the requirements that the computer must meet, see System Requirements.
An active license for the TestComplete Web Module.
The Web Testing plugin and the Cross-Platform Web Testing plugin must be enabled in TestComplete.
One of the supported web browsers in which you want to record tests. The resulting test will be compatible with headless web browsers.
The web browser selected for test recording must be prepared for testing as described in Preparing Web Browsers.

To run tests

On a local computer

The driver appropriate for the web browser you are going to use must be installed on your local computer:

ChromeDriver - To run tests in headless Chrome.
GeckoDriver - To run tests in headless Firefox.
MSEdgeDriver - To run tests in headless Edge.

If you have the Intelligent Quality add-on for TestComplete and the Headless Web Browser support enabled, TestComplete will install the necessary drivers automatically during the test run.

If it fails to install the drivers for some reason, for example, if your computer does not have access to the internet, install them manually. To do this, place the driver executable file in the following folder:

<ProgramData>\SmartBear\WebDrivers\<browser> (Usually, the ProgramData folder resides at C:\ProgramData.)

1. Prepare your local computer for creating tests

You create your web tests on a local Windows computer using one of the browsers that TestComplete supports:

Internet Explorer
Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based)

Note: Recording web tests in the earlier versions of Edge is not supported.
Google Chrome
Mozilla Firefox

It does not matter which browser you choose. You will be able to run your test in a headless browser either way.

However, before you can start creating tests, configure the selected browser in a special way. To learn how to do it, please see:

Preparing Web Browsers

2. Enable cross-platform test support

Before you start creating cross-platform web tests, make sure that your TestComplete project is configured to locate web objects by their XPath expressions and CSS selectors:

In existing projects

When creating new projects

In existing projects

Open your TestComplete project to which you want to add tests.
Select Tools > Current Project Properties from the TestComplete main menu to open the Properties page of your project.
In the tree on the left, select Open Applications > Web Testing > General.
Make sure that the Use XPath and CSS selectors for web objects check box is selected:

Click the image to enlarge it.

When creating new projects

Create a new project in TestComplete. To learn how to do it, see Creating Projects and Project Suites.
On the first page of the New Project wizard, make sure to leave the Use XPath and CSS selectors for web objects check box selected:

Click the image to enlarge it.

3. Create a headless-compatible web test

To create a test that you will run in a headless browser, you record required user actions, or you can create a test from scratch. The easiest way to create a test is to record it. You record your user actions on your local computer, where TestComplete is installed, in one of the browsers that TestComplete supports and that you have prepared for testing at the preceding step.

Start recording. To learn more about recording in TestComplete, see Recording Automated Tests.
Launch your selected and prepared web browser.
Interact with your tested application or web page as an end-user would: navigate through pages, click the links, input data into forms, and so on.
Stop the test recording.

TestComplete will process the performed actions and generate a test. The test consists of the sequence of operations that define various interactions with objects in a web browser:

Click the image to enlarge it.

You can modify and enhance the recorded test in a number of ways to make it more flexible and efficient. For example:

Add new operations, reorder operations and modify their parameters.
Delete or disable unneeded operations (for example, superfluous recorded operations).
Insert checkpoints for verifying objects and values in the tested application.
Create data-driven tests that run multiple test iterations using different sets of data.

4. Configure the test to run in a headless browser

The recorded test interacts with the browser you used during the recording. To run the test in a headless browser, modify the test as follows:

To run the test in local headless browsers

Script test

Keyword test

To run the test in local headless browsers

Script test

Remove (or disable) all test commands that interact with the local browser you have used for test recording. For example, remove or comment out all script lines that use the Browsers.Item property.
Write script code that will connect to your WebDriver and start the headless instance of your web browser. To do this, use the Browsers.RemoteItem(HubURL, Capabilities).Run method:
- The HubURL parameter specifies the URL of the WebDriver you use to manage your headless web browser. If you have Headless Web Browsers support enabled, set the value to localhost.
- The Capabilities parameter specifies the browser you want to use for testing. If you have the Headless Web Browser support enabled, only the following capabilities are required:
  - browserName - The name of the browser in which the test will run. Possible values are: chrome, edge and firefox.
  - screenResolution - The screen resolution to set for the testing session.
  Other capabilities are optional.
Example

The example below shows how to run a test in the headless version of Chrome running on a local computer:

JavaScript

Python
Copy Code

JavaScript

function Test_Chrome_Headless()
{
  var server = "localhost";
  var capabilities = {
    "browserName": "chrome",
    "screenResolution": "1920x1080"
  };

  var url = "https://services.smartbear.com/samples/TestComplete15/smartstore/";
  Browsers.RemoteItem(server, capabilities).Run(url);
  …
}

Python

def Test_Chrome_Headless():
  server = "localhost"
  capabilities = {
    "browserName": "chrome",
    "screenResolution": "1920x1080"
  }

  url = "https://services.smartbear.com/samples/TestComplete15/smartstore/"
  Browsers.RemoteItem[server, capabilities].Run(url)
  …
All the test commands that follow the Browsers.RemoteItem.Run method and that work with the Browser object will run in the specified headless browser.

As an alternative, you can orchestrate running your keyword tests in headless browsers in the execution plan of your project. See below.

Keyword test

Remove (or disable) all operations that interact with the local browser you have used for test recording. For example, disable or remove the Run Browser operation.
Add test instructions that will call the Browsers.RemoteItem.Run method to start the headless browser instances (see above). To do this, you can use the Run Code Snippet or Run Script Routine operation.
All the recorded operations that interact with a web browser and that follow the Run Remote Browser operation will be run in the headless browser.

As an alternative, you can orchestrate running your keyword tests in headless browsers in the execution plan of your project. See below.

5. Run the test in a headless web browser

After your test is configured as described above, run it. To learn how to run tests, see Running Tests.

TestComplete will connect to the specified hub, command it to start the headless browser, and execute test commands there.

Note: You will not be able to track your testing progress while the test is running.

After the test run is over, you can view the test results in TestComplete:

Results of the test run in a headless web browser

Click the image to enlarge it.

Specifics and known limitations of running tests in headless browsers

By default, headless browsers use a temporary user profile. To specify another profile to use, you can use the --user-data-dir=<ProfilePath> command-line parameter for Chrome and Edge or the -profile command-line parameter for Firefox. To run the browser with this command-line parameter, use the goog:chromeOptions, ms:edgeOptions, and moz:firefoxOptions capability for Chrome, Edge and Firefox respectively.

For example, the code snippet below shows how to run Chrome with a specific user profile:

JavaScript

Python
Copy Code

JavaScript

function Test_Chrome_Headless()
{
  var server = "localhost";
  var capabilities = {
    "browserName": "chrome",
    "screenResolution": "1920x1080",
    "goog:chromeOptions": {
        "args": ["--user-data-dir=C:\\Users\\Tester\\AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default"]
    }
  };

  var url = "https://services.smartbear.com/samples/TestComplete15/smartstore/";
  Browsers.RemoteItem(server, capabilities).Run(url);
// …
}

Python

def Test_Chrome_Headless():
  server = "localhost"
  capabilities = {
    "browserName": "chrome",
    "screenResolution": "1920x1080",
    "goog:chromeOptions": {
      "args": ["--user-data-dir=C:\\Users\\Tester\\AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default"]
    }
  }

  url = "https://services.smartbear.com/samples/TestComplete15/smartstore/"
  Browsers.RemoteItem[server, capabilities].Run(url)
  # …

You can get information on existing profiles:
- In Chrome, on the chrome://version page.
- In Edge, on the edge://version page.
- In Firefox, on the about:profiles page.
If your tested website or web application behavior varies depending on whether your browser is in headless mode or not, for example, some resources are not available in headless mode, you may want to bypass this by overriding the user-agent string sent by your browser. To do this, you can use the --user-agent command-line parameter of Chrome and Edge.

For example, the code snippet below shows how to run Chrome with a custom user-agent string specified:

JavaScript

Python
Copy Code

JavaScript

function Test_Chrome_Headless()
{
  var server = "localhost";
  var capabilities = {
    "browserName": "chrome",
    "screenResolution": "1920x1080",
    "goog:chromeOptions": {
        "args": ["--user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko"]
    }
  };

  var url = "https://services.smartbear.com/samples/TestComplete15/smartstore/";
  Browsers.RemoteItem(server, capabilities).Run(url);
// …
}

Python

def Test_Chrome_Headless():
  server = "localhost"
  capabilities = {
    "browserName": "chrome",
    "screenResolution": "1920x1080",
    "goog:chromeOptions": {
      "args": ["--user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko"]
    }
  }

  url = "https://services.smartbear.com/samples/TestComplete15/smartstore/"
  Browsers.RemoteItem[server, capabilities].Run(url)
  # …
In headless mode, a browser may use language settings different from the settings that the regular (GUI) version of the browser uses. If in your tests you are facing issues caused by incorrect language settings, you can do any of the following:
- In Chrome and Edge, use the --lang command-line parameter to set the language for the browser to use. To specify the language, use a 2-digit ISO-639 code.
– or –
- Configure the headless browser to use a profile with the needed language settings configured. To learn about profiles, see above.
The code snippet below shows how to run Chrome using the Portuguese locale:

JavaScript

Python
Copy Code

JavaScript

function Test_Chrome_Headless()
{
  var server = "localhost";
  var capabilities = {
    "browserName": "chrome",
    "screenResolution": "1920x1080",
    "goog:chromeOptions": {
        "args": ["--lang=pt"]
    }
  };

  var url = "https://msdn.microsoft.com/";
  Browsers.RemoteItem(server, capabilities).Run(url);
// …
}

Python

def Test_Chrome_Headless():
  server = "localhost"
  capabilities = {
    "browserName": "chrome",
    "screenResolution": "1920x1080",
    "goog:chromeOptions": {
      "args": ["--lang=pt"]
    }
  }

  url = "https://msdn.microsoft.com/"
  Browsers.RemoteItem[server, capabilities].Run(url)
  # …

Creating and Running Web Tests in Headless Web Browsers With TestComplete

About

Supported versions of headless browsers

Requirements

To create tests

To run tests

On a local computer

1. Prepare your local computer for creating tests

2. Enable cross-platform test support

In existing projects

When creating new projects

3. Create a headless-compatible web test

4. Configure the test to run in a headless browser

To run the test in local headless browsers

Script test

Example

Keyword test

5. Run the test in a headless web browser

Specifics and known limitations of running tests in headless browsers

See Also